When facing a frightening new cancer diagnosis, some people ask their doctors, “What would you do if you were me?” Here, our Curious Dr. George asks leukemia expert Adam Asch, MD, how he would handle his own case of acute myelogenous leukemia. Dr. Asch is Professor of Medicine and Nancy Johnson Records Chair of Oncology at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine.

Curious Dr. George: Please consider this hypothetical scenario: You are an active clinical oncologist in general good health. But lately you have lacked energy, have been feeling a little more tired than usual, have some dizziness on exertion, have been bruising easily, and have lost a bit of weight without dieting. So, you decide to visit your primary care physician for a checkup. On physical examination, she notes that you are a little pale, finds arm bruises, and feels the tip of your spleen. She orders several lab tests. Your hematocrit is 38, hemoglobin 12, white blood cells (WBCs) are 49,000 per microliter with many blasts, many promyelocytes, myelocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Platelets are low. A diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is made. How would you proceed?

Adam Asch, MD: This would be a fascinating case to discuss in the abstract. But in the first person, as you have been exploring in your Curious Dr. George series, diagnosis and therapy take on a special and sometimes personal urgency. For this 70-year-old oncologist, the hypothetical is a timely one and for the field a relevant one, since AML is, in so many ways, a disease of aging.

For most AML patients, I find that the first, most important question to ask is if there is a curative intervention. For some, chemotherapy induction and consolidation may lead to a prolonged remission and perhaps cure. But for some disease categories—notoriously, p53-mutated disease—response to traditional chemo is poor. Second, assuming an initial remission follows an induction regimen, how a remission is consolidated is another critical question. For many people with high-risk AML (complex cytogenetics, FLT3-mutated) as well as for intermediate-risk disease, allogeneic transplant remains the best means of consolidating a remission and offering cure.

To a great extent, treatment for AML is informed by genetic and molecular studies that have become standard in the field. Cytogenetics to assess chromosomal defects, molecular analysis to identify potentially targetable mutations, and multi-channel flow cytometry to identify a blast phenotype that can be followed to assess measurable residual disease post induction and consolidation are all standard. Translocation 15;17 or “acute promyelocytic leukemia” (APL)—once considered to be the worst type of AML prognostically—is now routinely treated with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide, with long-term survival now approaching 90%. The clinical presentation in my hypothetical case does not sound like APL, though the bruising raises the question, and the coagulation profile, if indicative of disseminated intravascular coagulation, might make that more of a question. Other good prognostic cytogenetics are translocations of 8;21 and inversion ch16. Each of these has a historical long-term survival of about 60 to 70% with standard induction chemotherapy (I’ll say another word about this in a bit). All other cytogenetic features are classified as intermediate risk or poor risk, with long term survival rates of 30-40% or 10%, respectively. For each of these latter risk groups, transplant remains the only real chance of relapse-free, long-term survival.

Now, before we discuss treatment regimens for AML in general, there are some features of my hypothetical presentation that would lead me to ask for some additional data. The presence of a spleen tip and the presence of early myeloid forms and eosinophils and basophils in addition to blasts raises the possibility that my disease is a Ph+ blast crisis rather than de novo AML. If so, treatment with a kinase inhibitor directed at the BCR-ABL kinase—after initial cytoreduction of the elevated blast count—would be a reasonable initial approach to getting control of the disease. But without allogeneic transplant as consolidation, this would not offer me long-term control of the disease. So, more on transplant in a bit.

Standard induction for “fit” patients with AML remained largely unchanged for several decades—until recently. The chemo combination of 7+3 (7days of cytosine arabinoside and 3 days of an anthracycline) has been the backbone in the U.S. of induction. Consolidation chemotherapy with 3 to 4 subsequent cycles of high-dose cytosine arabinoside has been common practice. The development of a liposomal preparation containing a defined ratio of cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin has shown increased efficacy in AML that arises from a pre-existing condition known as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Also, drugs targeting specific mutations in genes such as FLT3, IDH1, or IDH2 are additional options that can now be used in combination with standard approaches—or alone in some instances. But perhaps most impressive has been the incorporation of the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax in combination with azacytidine as a low-intensity regimen now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for elderly and unfit patients with MDS. Response rates appear essentially equal to those of the standard high-intensity induction regimens. Importantly, this regimen generally has lower toxicity and is most often administered outpatient. Recent data shows that patients achieving a complete response with this regimen do as well with allogeneic transplant as folks who received more intensive induction. And for younger, fit patients, venetoclax added to more intensive regimens is producing results that are likely significant improvements over the old 7+3.

So, getting back to the first question I posed, am a looking at the possibility of a cure? Possibly. It is not likely, at my age, that cytogenetics would be favorable. Complex cytogenetics and AML arising from MDS are much more prevalent. Even if this were to be a Ph+ AML blast crisis, my long-term survival would depend on allogeneic transplant as consolidation post remission.

Am I a candidate at 70 for an allogeneic transplant? Possibly. Recent studies show that arbitrary age limits on allotransplantation have virtually disappeared across transplant centers. Less ablative regimens and improved supportive care around infection control and prevention of graft-versus-host disease have led to a situation where transplantation for older patients is a viable option with reasonable outcomes. Unfortunately, it is one that is currently afforded to only about 5% of older AML patients.

So, what would I want in this situation? For my intermediate or poor-risk AML, I would likely opt for azacytidine and venetoclax as an induction/consolidation regimen, which would give me a better chance of escaping potentially debilitating complications of induction and consolidation that might put a definitive transplant out of reach. And, I would consider transplant as consolidation if in complete remission and still in good shape.

Some reality here: if these approaches didn’t get me to a complete remission, my discussions would center on defining the best way to preserve quality of life with family and friends during my remaining time.

Dr. Asch can be reached at adam-asch@ouhsc.edu.

***

Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

In cancer treatment, time is of the essence. Our Curious Dr. George asks Kevin B. Knopf, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Officer at Cadex Genomics, how his company’s new test, Alibrex, could rapidly reveal how well a given treatment is working for a given patient.

Curious Dr. George: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved about 270 anti-cancer drugs. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network publishes guidelines for treatment of about 61 major cancer types. Although there is consensus on first- and second-line therapy, there may be a substantial delay before a patient’s oncologist can determine whether the therapy chosen is working for them. Your company Cadex Genomics has a new test to evaluate whether an agent is active against a tumor in a given patient. You claim that your test, Alibrex, is agnostic to tumor type, tissue of origin, and the name of the drug and can give an answer quickly. Can you describe the test, how it works, and how it is performing at this early time?

Kevin B. Knopf, MD, MPH: Alibrex is being developed to identify stage IV cancer patients who are not responding to treatment, allowing for an early switch to more effective therapy. Specifically, the test identifies patients whose tumor is rapidly growing during treatment. Alibrex requires a blood draw prior to therapy being administered, and another prior to the next cycle of treatment. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction qPCR technology, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentration levels are measured in each blood draw to determine if the tumor is growing.

The concept is straightforward: as tumors grow, the amount of cfDNA the tumor sheds into the blood increases. Alibrex takes advantage of this by picking up the increase in cfDNA and determining whether the patient has disease progression. The advantage of evaluating cfDNA versus circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is that all tumors shed cfDNA with increasing amounts as the tumor grows. Compared to cfDNA, ctDNA is a far more complex approach in that different tumors shed different types of ctDNA.

A concern with this approach is that increases in cfDNA may be seen from other non-cancer-related sources, such as infections, white blood cell lysis, injury, or a number of other events unrelated to tumor growth. It is possible for a patient with such an event, prior to a blood draw, to have a result that is a false positive or negative due to the impact of changing levels of non-cancer cfDNA.

To overcome this problem, Alibrex assesses short cfDNA fragment lengths; it has been published and recognized that short cfDNA fragments are specific to cancer. By focusing on short cfDNA fragments, Cadex Genomics has developed a tumor-agnostic biomarker that is uniquely fit for purpose as a therapy monitoring tool.

To be able to detect small changes in cfDNA, Alibrex must be highly reproducible and have very low limits of detection to meet the performance necessary for clinical utility. We achieve this by targeting a non-coding region of DNA that has 1,800 copies in every cell and is located across all 23 chromosomes. Alibrex can detect differences in cfDNA levels in less than what is in a single cell.

Alibrex has been analyzed in two patient cohorts. The first, a study of 32 stage IV colorectal cancer patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center, demonstrated a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 100%. A later multi-center study (74 lung, breast, and colorectal cancer patients) on an optimized version of the assay, demonstrated that Alibrex has a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%. By the end of August of 2023, we will have expanded this 74-patient analysis to 150 patients. Prior to making the test available to patients in the clinical setting, we will validate the assay in a 100-patient lung cancer study.

In clinical practice, we anticipate Alibrex being used monthly to determine if a patient is developing progressive disease and not responding to therapy. We do not anticipate Alibrex to be an imaging replacement; rather, we see the potential of imaging being used in significantly longer intervals.

In the future, with additional studies, Alibrex may potentially be used to monitor therapy in the neoadjuvant setting and to monitor prostate cancer patients who are in active surveillance.

Dr. Knopf is also Chief Medical Officer and Division Chief of Hematology and Oncology at Highland Hospital in Oakland, CA. He can be reached at kevinbknopf@gmail.com.

 

***

Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved hundreds of drugs for the treatment of cancer. However, some approved drugs are more effective for certain patients than others. Our curious Dr. George asks Carla Grandori, MD, PhD, Founder and CEO of SEngine Precision Medicine, about her company’s test to detect which drugs are likely to be most effective for a given patient’s solid tumor.

Curious Dr. George: Too often, the FDA approves drugs that are not effective, and there is a serious lag from the beginning of their use until discovery that the drug is without benefit. For solid tumors, your company’s PARIS Test purports to detect which drugs will not work and which are likely to be effective. How exactly does it work? How might a physician and a patient access it?

Carla Grandori, MD, PhD: As physicians and patients unfortunately know firsthand, cancer treatment usually means a series of therapies over the course of years. Often a patient doesn’t respond to a course of treatment; sometimes they do, but disease later recurs anyway. It can feel like trial-and-error, with time slipping away and frightening degrees of uncertainty.

The concept of personalized medicine has generated a lot of excitement within the cancer community, with the implication that there has to be a way to figure out the best course of treatment for each individual. The field has made notable progress in certain cases, but most efforts are looking to define new buckets for patient cohorts, like carriers of a specific mutation. The DNA approach can find a therapeutic match for only 17% of patients’ DNA. That’s important, but how about the remaining 83% of patients? Also, often a patient’s cancer has multiple mutations—which one is actionable, and when? What about the many factors behind disease progression and the unique genetic background of each patient, all so complex to translate into therapies?

This leads to the most heartbreaking consideration: what if the best treatments for a specific patient sat ready in a pharmacy, but no one realized they were right? That’s what inspired us to create the PARIS Test, named for the warrior from Greek mythology who defeated his rival by finding the weakness in Achilles’ heel.

Our concept is to derive tumor organoids from a patient, so they reflect the actual characteristics of that individual’s disease, then use them to screen an array of potential therapies from our library of cancer drugs.

The way it works is, a patient or their care team shares some basic information with our CLIA-certified lab in Seattle, WA, so we can prepare instructions for an oncologist to collect appropriate biopsies (ideally four in total), surgical excision (~1 cm³), or body fluid ( more than 250 ml). Once we’ve received the sample, we use it to grow the 3D organoids, and leverage robotics to quickly screen hundreds of cancer drugs and combinations. Data produced from this process is analyzed through our informatics pipeline and combined with DNA sequencing for context, to produce an actionable report for oncologists with treatment recommendations and the rationale behind those choices. These reports get delivered to doctors in two to six weeks, and studies have shown their strong predictive power—more than 70% of patients’ clinical responses match the PARIS Test results.

Sometimes, the report confirms that the standard of care is the best way forward. But often we discover new options that can change a person’s life. One example we’re very proud of was summarized in a recently published case study for a patient we encountered who was in rapid decline and in hospice after failing standard-of-care treatments for her low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC). The PARIS Test identified the best course as a series of therapies that were approved as targeted lymphoma or lung cancer treatments, with little or no clinical evidence that anyone had even tried them in LGSOC. Through this personalized and targeted course of treatment, her symptoms reversed and she has experienced several years of stable disease.

Having now learned from hundreds of PARIS Test results from different patients, the most encouraging findings are that cancers, despite their chemoresistance, will still harbor unique sensitivities to very specific targeted treatments. Often, these unique cancer Achille’s heels are not obviously predicted from just DNA or RNA testing. These results and the many patients who have benefited from the PARIS Test indicate much hope for cancer patients—and the more medicines we will have, the higher the chance of finding a match for every patient’s cancer.

Dr. Grandori can be reached at cgrandori@senginemedicine.com.

***

Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

When standard-of-care is an excuse for licensed medical malpractice

Are you getting trustworthy prostate cancer information? The terms standard-of-care, medical practice guidelines, FDA approved and, covered by insurance certainly seem very reassuring. But let’s see if some of these long-held beliefs about prostate cancer testing and treatment are dependable or whether they are simply untrue.

Curious Dr. George: Most people with prostate cancer live a long and healthy life. But some die, with or without treatment. It can be a confusing disease. To what extent are American men and physicians receiving trustworthy information about prostate cancer?

The term prostate cancer.

Belief – All prostate cancers are deadly.

Evidence against the all-inclusive prostate cancer label – Prostate cancers are not all equally deadly. In fact, it’s mostly the 10 to 15 percent of high-grade, aggressive prostate cancers that are responsible for the 30,000 or so U.S. deaths annually.

Bottom line – The vast majority of men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die of it. Furthermore, not only is the 10-year survival about the same whether treated or not but the 15-year survival rate, irrespective of treatment option, is about the same.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test.

Belief – The PSA test leads to early prostate cancer detection, early treatment and life-extension.

Evidence against PSA testing – The PSA has a false-positive rate of 78 percent because it is neither specific to the prostate or specific to prostate cancer; its so-called cut-off value of 0-4 n g/ml is an arbitrary and misleading metric; a PSA above 4 does not mean a diagnosis of prostate cancer; large prostates commonly generate high PSAs; the PSA value can be artificially raised or lowered without a cancer being present or progressing; the PSA cannot distinguish between aggressive and non-aggressive cancers; lowering the PSA does not lower a risk of cancer and, the subset of high-grade, aggressive and potentially deadly prostate cancers may produce little to no PSA and can go undetected. Incomprehensibly, although the reliability of the PSA was concerning from the outset, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved the PSA test for prostate cancer screening in 1994. Unsurprisingly, in 2009 urologists clinical studies determined that PSA testing failed to save significant numbers of lives. More damning, the USPSTF (United States Preventive Services Task Force) gave PSA-based prostate cancer screening a “D” grade in 2011 concluding that, “the benefits do not outweigh the harms”. Shamefully, after pressure from self-interest groups the USPSTF “D” grading was watered-down to an ineffectual “C” warning in 2018.

Bottom line – PSA-based screening – includes the inaccurate digital prostate exam or digital rectal exam (DRE) – is highly unreliable, risky and fails to save significant numbers of lives. In fact, many cancers are detected by chance during evaluation for an elevated PSA as the PSA was generated by the BPH and not the cancer. Currently, there is no blood or urine test that can detect just high-grade prostate cancer reliably.

The ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy.

Belief – That an ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy can reliably detect a potentially deadly prostate cancer.

Evidence against the ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy – 1. Prostate cancer is commonly a multifocal disease – meaning that areas of cancer can arise in several different areas of the prostate at the same time or, later. Yet, so-called standard practice for detection calls for the use of an ultrasound, which can’t see the cancer and then randomly and blindly biopsy the prostate 12 times with a needle to evaluate whether or not a cancer is present. When the volume of these 12 needle cores is measured against the volume of an average prostate, only about 0.1 percent of the prostate ends up being sampled. It also means that the clinical state of the 99.9 percent of the un-sampled prostate remains unknown. Even if 120 biopsies were taken (10 times the standard number of 12) you would still be clueless about 99.0 percent of the prostate. 2. There are two techniques for prostate biopsy: transrectal or transperineal (with or without a template). The transrectal approach is riskier than the transperineal and is associated with potentially serious complications of sepsis and bleeding. 3. The concern about false negatives (missing cancers) is hardly surprising when only 0.1 percent of the prostate is sampled. The transrectal approach has recorded a false negative rate of more than 33 percent. On the other hand, others have claimed to find 6 percent more cancers using the transperineal route. Possibly because of the compressive effects on the prostate and the angle at which the transperineally placed needle enters the prostate.

Bottom line – The ultrasound-guided needle biopsy test is risky and embarrassingly unscientific because of its egregious sampling error. The perineal approach is less risky but equally unscientific. Additionally, there is no hard evidence that either technique detects significant numbers of the 10-15 percent of the potentially lethal high-risk tumors. However, the best current screening tool to detect significant cancer anywhere in the prostate is the non-contrast MRI conducted by a radiologist with expertise in MRI prostate imaging. Areas judged to be consistent with PI-RADS four or five disease on the MRI are suggestive of potentially lethal high-grade disease and can be confirmed with an MRI-guided targeted biopsy.

The Gleason grade and score.

Belief – A pathologist’s interpretation of what is judged to be a certain grade of cancer under the microscope is reliable.

Evidence against Gleason grading reliability – The Gleason grading and scoring system is complex and relies overly on a pathologist’s knowledge and interpretive skills for estimating what grades of cancer they believe to see under low-power microscopy. Because of potential errors of judgment, grade misclassifications and disagreements amongst pathologists are common – underscoring a profound lack of reproducibility of the Gleason system.

Bottom line – Patients can never be absolutely sure of their prostate cancer grades and scores. Getting a second opinion from an experienced prostate cancer pathologist and undertaking a screening non-contrast MRI of the prostate with an expert is appropriate.

The Gleason grade 3 and the 3+3=6 “cancer”.

Belief – The Gleason grade 3 (in the Gleason 3+3=6) is a “cancer”.

Evidence against the Gleason grade 3 being a cancer – Initially, the Gleason grade 3 appearance under low-power microscopy was thought to be consistent with an early low-grade, low-risk cancer. However, since then, both the clinical evidence and the fact that the genetic pathways enabling cancer development and spread are turned off indicate that the Gleason grade 3 lacks the features of a cancer.

Bottom line – The Gleason grade 3 fails to behave as cancerous since it is not a cancer. Shamefully, the grade 3 (3+3=6) is still labeled as a cancer, scaring untold numbers of patients towards unnecessary investigation and harmful treatment. Rather, the grade 3 disease appears to be simply a benign feature of aging.

Imaging for the staging of prostate cancer.

Belief – That bone scans, ultrasounds and CT scans can determine whether a cancer is localized or has spread.

Evidence against bone scans, ultrasounds and CT scans for staging – Bone scans, ultrasounds and CT scans are quite insensitive for detecting small volume cancer spread making their use in staging unreliable. Underscoring this concern is the fact that prostate cancer cells have been found in the bone marrow of patients with so-called localized disease. These metastases may begin when high-grade cancers are as small as 0.25 mm in size and barely detectable within the prostate.

Bottom line – Staging of prostate cancer using bone scans, ultrasounds and CT scans is unreliable due to their insensitivity. The PMSA PET/CT scan and the whole body diffusion MRI studies have greater reliability for detecting small-volume spread to lymph nodes and bones. 

Prostate cancer surgical “treatment”.

Belief – That cutting out prostate cancer – whether open or robotically gets rid of it and “saves lives”.

Evidence against surgery – H.H. Young M.D. claimed early diagnosis, cure and “the remarkably satisfactory functional results furnished” from his surgical technique. In contrast, he gave zero evidence for early diagnosis or cure, two patients died and the other two were left with lifelong urinary leakage. And, when robotics entered the business of surgery not only was the device given an FDA approval without demonstrating clear benefits but the FDA’s fallacious 510(K) process was then manipulated to permit use of the tool in radical prostate surgery. Again, without sufficient evidence for safety or benefits. Unsurprisingly, the robotic prostatectomy has a similar incidence of residual cancer (positive margins occurred in 11- 48 percent of patients) and a similar incidence of impotence and incontinence to open surgery. These complications are common and typically managed with radiation, counseling and rehabilitation programs or, implantable devices for ongoing limp and leaking issues. The breakdown of these gadgets often results in more surgery, costs and suffering. In fact, the number of complications associated with the robotic device is highlighted in the FDA’s MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) site which recorded a great increase in adverse events. Irrationally, radical prostatectomy is still considered standard-of-care despite physicians concluding in 2012 that surgery failed to save significant numbers of lives. And, despite the evidence against surgery, the SPCG4 article and its conclusion “Radical prostatectomy was associated with a reduction in the rate of death from prostate cancer”, is often quoted by urologists to support their opinion that radical prostatectomy saves lives. Aside from this work recording a substantial number of impotence and incontinence complications, the study is also flawed because of the commingling of participants with various Gleason grades and scores (both well differentiated and moderately well differentiated), unknown tumor volumes and the arbitrary use of anti-androgens in others – issues that can skew results. Additionally, the relatively short follow up time for this study (15 years) is troubling since the particular prostate cancers that the researchers targeted grow very slowly. For the low Gleason score/low-risk/well-differentiated, grade 1 tumor a mean cell doubling time of about 577 ± 68 days has been recorded. This figure means that it can take some 40 years or more from the time of cell mutation for the cancer to reach a diameter of 1 cm and be big enough to be felt on manual prostate examination. Clearly, such a slow cell division rate and a median follow up time of 12.8 years can only deliver a semblance of cure.

Bottom line – Cutting out prostate cancer whether by robotic or open techniques is unsafe and fails to save significant numbers of lives. Worse still, life extension has not been demonstrated for any focal or whole-gland prostate cancer treatment options. In part, because most, if not all, studies are flawed by the inclusion of participants with the bogus Gleason 6 “cancer”, incorporating patients with dissimilar Gleason grades, scores and tumor volumes, reliance on insensitive staging methods and, arbitrarily treating others with testosterone suppression.

Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer.

Belief – That by using 6 monthly PSAs, 12 monthly DREs, 12 monthly biopsies (a random 12-core) and maybe a 12 monthly MRI urologists can assess if a low-risk prostate cancer was progressing and required treatment. Urologists initiated this program for monitoring low-risk disease after appreciating the facts that most prostate cancers grow slowly and that the treatments were often worse than the disease. Enthusiastic support also came from the NIH.

Evidence against active surveillance – 1. PSA testing (and all other tests incorporating the PSA), DREs and 12-core biopsies (whether transrectal or transperineal) are highly unreliable as detailed above. 2. A prostate cancer diagnosis was likely established on the basis of a 0.1 percent random and blind sampling of the prostate. The follow up biopsy is likely done in exactly the same way. Clearly such an unscientific process can fail to detect a cancer, is unable to target reliably the original cancer and determine if the original cancer has “progressed” or, whether the cancer now detected was already present but missed by the previous biopsy. 3. Since non-contrast MRIs of the prostate (by a radiologist experienced in prostate MRI imaging) are able to examine the whole prostate and reliably identify the 10-15 percent of potentially lethal cancers their use has become more common. However, not all MRI’s are equal. Although MRI-guided targeted biopsies have been recorded as being dependable, most prostate needle biopsies are not undertaken using MRI-guided targeted techniques but by urologists using “fusion” studies. There are a number of concerns associated with the reliability of this fusion method. The MRI is commonly undertaken by a radiologist of unknown experience, knowledge and interpretative ability for PI-RADS findings – PI-RADS 4 or 5 changes on the MRI may reflect potentially lethal disease. However, this PI-RADS classification, like the Gleason grading and scoring system, is complex and has concerns for errors of interpretation. Additionally, the quality of the MRI study generated can be impacted by the radiologist’s particular study methodology, the particulars of the MRI machine and its software. Then, this previously recorded MRI study is “fused” with the ultrasound study on the day that the prostate biopsy is undertaken. Now, there are additional concerns relating to the type of ultrasound machine to be used and the ability of the urologist to interpret the images. Once “suspicious” areas are “identified” with this fusion method they can be targeted for biopsy. Absurdly, many urologists will add a random biopsy sampling 0.1 percent of the prostate to the targeted biopsy of the high-risk area located in the fusion study. This additional biopsy may only increase the risk of complications and the detection of non-lethal disease. Also bothersome, although MRI-guided targeted biopsies of PI-RADS 4 and 5 areas by radiologists may be more reliable, the fusion technique keeps the biopsy (and revenue) in the hands of urologists. 4. The definitions used to determine “progression” of low-risk disease are variable, unreliable and also impacted by laboratory and observer error – PSA level, PSA velocity or density, clinical staging, DRE, biopsies, Gleason grades and scores, tumor volumes and the number of positive cores and core lengths – none truly reflect what’s happening in the entire prostate. 5. PSA testing and surgical treatment do not save significant numbers of lives. 6. Whether you are treated or not the 10 year survival is about the same.

Bottom line – Clearly, misinterpretations about the presence or absence of cancer, stability of a low-risk cancer or the “progression” of disease are inevitable because of multiple inaccuracies. The potential benefits of active surveillance for low and moderate risk prostate cancer and the saving of significant numbers of lives because of so-called “timely” identification of disease progression have not been supported by hard data. This is not surprising when a number of highly unreliable tests are conflated to generate an unreliable endpoint before initiating a treatment option for which there is no evidence that significant numbers of lives are saved.

Why prostate cancer information is untrustworthy.

PSA-based testing and prostate cancer surgery are both risky and fail to save significant numbers of lives. How then, did the standard-of-care dogma about prostate cancer testing and treatment become so disconnected from the clinical evidence?

Meta-researcher John Ioannidis M.D. discovered the likely cause of this uncoupling of treatment beliefs from the evidence after reviewing multiple healthcare papers. He concluded that “most published research is false”. False, because most studies were commonly not founded on sound scientific principles and corrupted by errors of judgment, approximations, opinions, assumptions and conflicts-of-interest. Making this “research information” more suspect was the inevitable manipulation of study design and results by sponsoring organizations to produce “facts” supporting their biases.

Reliable healthcare information can only be developed from data sourced from studies delivering irrefutable and reproducible results. In contrast, much of the material used to develop the guidelines for prostate cancer management came from very poorly designed studies and beliefs. An all too common junk science that results in prescriptions for care that are untrustworthy, commonly exploitative and make a mockery of the Hippocratic Oath.

More references.

The Great Prostate Hoax by R. Ablin and R. Piana.

The Rise and Fall of the Prostate Cancer Scam by A. Horan M.D. 

Dedication.

This article is dedicated to Anthony Horan MD, a urologist and author (The Rise and Fall of the Prostate Cancer Scam) who fearlessly challenged the culture and the business of prostate cancer. He was always on the right side of what should never have been a controversy. Sadly, the prostate cancer testing and treatment industry is a 32.7 billion dollar market for which there is no hard evidence that significant numbers of lives are being saved.

***

Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.